Archive #49: Journey to the West (西游记): A 60-Volume Lianhuanhua Comic

I recently archived a seven-volume lianhuanhua comic about Sun Wukong battling the famous Eighteen Arhats. Upon learning this, a follower on Twitter asked me if I could locate scans of a 60-volume set that they read when they were younger. Luckily, I found a website selling them for super cheap.

I am archiving the set here in order to document modern day perceptions and depictions of JTTW and its characters.

1. Info

  • Title – Journey to the West (西游记)
    • Adaptation – Zhang Yuzhi (张玉枝)
    • Illustrations – Yan Dong (严东)
    • Editor-in-charge – Chang Shengli (常胜利)
  • Publisher – China Lianhuanhua Publishing House and Distribution (中国连环画出版社出版发行)
  • First edition – November 1997
  • ISBN 7-5061-0827-5

The volume 60 cover reading, “Meeting the Buddhist Patriarch at Spirit Mountain” (Lingshan jian Fozu, 灵山见佛祖) (larger version).

1.1. Reprint

This set is the first of at least two prints, the other coming out in 2008 (ISBN: 7801388461, 9787801388469). See, for example, this Ebay listing (screenshot).

The 2008 boxed set (larger version).

2. Download link:

This is for the 1997 version only.

The comics can be read on Google Drive or downloaded and read on Adobe. However, I’ve had problems reading them on Chrome. Please keep this in mind. It might just be a problem on my end.

https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1JcS65ckxWZQh462mlqwj5OOzNl4JJAQ7?usp=sharing

Archive #48: The Eighteen Arhats Battle Wukong (十八罗汉斗悟空): A 7-Volume Lianhuanhua Comic

Last updated: 02-28-2025

I was contacted late last year by reader Adelar Eleramo (their JTTW group) looking for more information about a story called The Eighteen Arhats Battle (Sun) Wukong (Shiba luohan dou Wukong, 十八罗汉斗悟空/十八羅漢鬥悟空). A cursory searched turned up this Baidu article, which explained that both a 1982 Chinese opera and a six-volume 1989 lianhuanhua share this title. The respective stories differ, but both draw upon Journey to the West (Xiyouji西遊記, 1592) for inspiration. Regarding the comic, Baidu explains:

[It] tells the story of how the fully enlightened Sun Wukong goes out of his way to stir up trouble with the Eighteen Arhats because he cannot stand the way people celebrate and venerate them. He later reunites with Zhu Bajie to face the Buddhist saints in a battle of wits, courage, and magic, until the two groups finally reconcile.

漫画《十八罗汉斗悟空》描述讲述了修成正果的孙悟空因为看不惯十八罗汉声名显赫受人膜拜而刻意挑起事端,后联合猪八戒一起与十八罗汉斗智斗勇斗法,直至最后心悦诚服地言归于好。

Adelar was kind enough to send me an archive of a seven-volume 2011 adaptation of the original.

I am archiving it here in order to document modern day perceptions and depictions of JTTW and its characters.

1. Info

  • Title – The Eighteen Arhats Battle Wukong (十八罗汉斗悟空)
    • Original – He Hanqiu (何汉秋)
    • Adaptation – Jin Dan (金丹)
    • Editor-in-charge – Rao Zhongwei (饶忠伟)
    • Cover illustrations – Hong Zhe (洪哲), Zhang Zhiwen (张志文), and Dai Rui (戴锐)
    • Illustrations – Dai Rui (戴锐)
    • Planning – Yuhai Cultural Propagation Company (義海文化传播公司)
  • Publisher – Helongjiang Fine Arts Publishing House (黑龙江美术出版社)
  • First edition – August 2011
  • ISBN 978-7-5318-2967-6

Sun battles an Arhat (larger version).

2. Download links

The files are quite large, so I am providing two different download options.

2.1. WordPress

These are slow to load, but you can read them online without needing to first download.

Vol. 1https://journeytothewestresearch.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/01大战棋盘阵.戴锐.黑龙江美术出版社.2011.pdf

Vol. 2https://journeytothewestresearch.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/02青山龙虎斗.戴锐.黑龙江美术出版社.2011.pdf

Vol. 3https://journeytothewestresearch.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/03-两请猪八戒.戴锐.黑龙江美术出版社.2011.pdf

Vol. 4https://journeytothewestresearch.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/04围陷流沙河.戴锐.黑龙江美术出版社.2011.pdf

Vol. 5https://journeytothewestresearch.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/05火焚罗汉庙.戴锐.黑龙江美术出版社.2011.pdf

Vol. 6https://journeytothewestresearch.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/06威震十八湾.戴锐.黑龙江美术出版社.2011.pdf

Vol. 7https://journeytothewestresearch.com/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/07悟空心归正.戴锐.黑龙江美术出版社.2011.pdf

2.2. Google Drive

Google cannot provide an online preview, so you’ll, unfortunately, have to download these to read.

Vol. 1https://drive.google.com/file/d/1G8-KH5M4zCUhHYxRIs_yXeLBhPkqbND4/view?usp=sharing

Vol. 2https://drive.google.com/file/d/1uSPTLofaWglWcayxuDTGWdyxUUijlhbW/view?usp=drive_link

Vol. 3https://drive.google.com/file/d/12ybtR750U3h8lqErSdN2iw5V_x88dkem/view?usp=sharing

Vol. 4https://drive.google.com/file/d/1beRZw_Lx08l3HRv4mW7yh1JAsYUeENdj/view?usp=drive_link

Vol. 5https://drive.google.com/file/d/1PRWW-g9mWb9uS9hi6Wje7qu2eUywFKls/view?usp=sharing

Vol. 6https://drive.google.com/file/d/1Fby7yK_CwOeO5TpwJeiZA4IV2DuFKZ3b/view?usp=sharing

Vol. 7https://drive.google.com/file/d/1khp9Rj2VYUBH4V4EkvgjzWTuzqZg5sx3/view?usp=sharing


Update: 02-28-25

I have uploaded another lianhuanhua comic.

Archive #49: Journey to the West (西游记): A 60-Volume Lianhuanhua Comic

Journey to the West Fanfiction Writer Spotlight #1: DarkscytheDrake

From time to time I like to post a fun blog not directly related to (though sometimes informed by) my research. Regular articles will resume after this entry.

Anyone who follows me on social media will know that I generally do not like modern adaptations of Journey to the West (Xiyouji西遊記, 1592; “JTTW” hereafter) (see here and here, for example). But thanks to enjoying this book, I’ve learned to temper my negativity. I’ve, therefore, decided to mirror the format of a series of past art-based articles [1] and shine a spotlight on the author of a JTTW-related fanfiction that I actually like. My hope is that such posts will expose their work to a wider audience interested in JTTW, while also documenting modern day perceptions and depictions of the novel and its characters.

Our first writer goes by the online handle DarkscytheDrake (AO3, Fanfiction.net, Spacebattles). They were kind enough to answer some interview questions, as well as allow permission to display some of their work.

I. Q & A

1) Can you tell me a little about yourself?

I’m 24 years old and live in the Middle East. I’m a huge fan of mythologies and old stories. I dabble in many aspects of the art world, and writing has been a hobby of mine since high school. Since I was a kid my dad used to bring me books from abroad to read. I’ve travelled the world thanks to my parents’ business trips and was exposed to many cultures and stories, which made me fall in love with them even more.

2) Are you self-taught or have you taken writing classes?

I’m self-taught, using the example of others. By the time I seriously thought about writing, there weren’t any writing workshops in my area, at least ones that didn’t focus on the genres I wanted to write in. English is my second native language and most books I read are in English.

3) What are your main sources of literary inspiration?

My main inspirations are the Inheritance Cycle, Shogun (book and TV show), The Hobbit (book and movies), and Bone. Manga like Fullmetal Alchemist have also taught me a lot about storytelling and character arcs.

4) How did you learn about Journey to the West?

I first became fully aware of Journey to the West proper, meaning not expys like Dragon Ball, when I visited China for the first time. I saw a lot of ads and costumes for the Monkey King, and I asked our guide who this character was. I did some research to get acquainted with the story and main players, and I left it alone until Black Myth: Wukong was announced, which revitalized my interest and prompted me to purchase an abridged version of the book, Monkey King. I read the Anthony C. Yu translation online. From there, I also watched some of his spin-off works like Lego Monkie Kid.

5) Who is your favorite character?

Sun Wukong is my favorite character, and while half of that does come from the sheer insanity of his powers and adventures, the other half comes from how much he learns in the journey, and the family he finds within his companions. His moments of innocence, like when he plays in the snow or his more vulnerable moments like in the White Bone Spirit arc. Princess Iron Fan has got to be my second favorite, though. She takes a lot of shit from her husband, suffered the imprisonment of her son and had to deal with Wukong’s antics, but ultimately remains a decent person and one of the few demons on the journey who isn’t wicked or wants to eat Tripitaka.

6) Do you have a favorite episode from the novel?

My favorite episode would have to be the fight against Demon Bull King, because of how personal it is to Wukong and the sheer scale of the fights that ensue there, like Wukong and DBK transforming into their giant forms and duking it out. Really, all of the Demon Bull family’s episodes (Iron Fan and Red Boy) are the best.

7) Does the novel have a special meaning to you?

I’m honestly surprised by the sheer depth the novel has for its age. There’s a lot of worldbuilding there which is on par with Tolkien‘s work, and those who grew up in Asian culture are aware of its deeper meanings, so it transcends ‘modern’ worldbuilders in that sense. And when I see just how influential the novel is and how it led to one of the greatest anime of all time…I’m humbled.

8) Can you tell me about your ongoing JTTW-related project?

My current JTTW project is a fanfiction story called “Great Sage, Equal to Heaven and Above Brockton” (AO3, Fanfiction.net, Spacebattles), and it’s a crossover with the webnovel Worm by Wildbow. The world of Worm is filled with superpowered humans called ‘capes’ (fig. 1), but unlike DC and Marvel, many capes use their powers for crime. There are heroes who battle these villains of course, but matters aren’t as clear-cut as they appear. On top of that, giant monsters attack cities every few months and cause untold damage. The main premise of my story is that an untold amount of time after the journey, Sun Wukong wakes up in Worm‘s main setting of Brockton Bay, a coastal city [north of Boston, MA, USA] with a lot of capes, nazis, Asian gangsters and heroes. From there he investigates the modern era, having fun and tries to find out what’s going on with these strange superpowered humans. It’s a classic premise of ‘OP character gets dropped into a lower-ranked world’, but it’s also a study of how a character who found a home suddenly gets dropped into a new one, and how power doesn’t always solve problems. And if it does, what are the potential consequences?

[Jim here: As of this writing, chapters one to 11 are available for free online, but chapters 12 to 13 (and a ch. 14 preview) are still only available on patreon.]

Fig. 1 – Cover for a fake Worm comic book featuring the original story’s main character, who makes an appearance in the Great Sage story (larger version). Illustration by @codetrillogy on Twitter. Used with permission.

II. Writing Sample

The following excerpt comes from an event in chapter six. After befriending a young boy, Sun Wukong jumps in to save his sister from gangsters attempting to take her in lieu of a missed “protection money” payment:

* The boy’s name.
** The boy’s sister.
*** The name of a local gang leader. Monkey comically believes he is a literal dragon.

Note:

1) As of this writing, I’ve made three such art posts here, here, and here.

Story Idea: Firearms and the Journey to the West Universe

From time to time I like to post a fun blog not directly related to (though sometimes informed by) my research. Regular articles will resume after this entry.

Last updated: 04-19-2026

I am currently reading Gunpowder Technology in the Fifteenth Century: A Study, Edition and Translation of the Firework Book (2024), and this got me thinking: what would the Journey to the West (Xiyouji西遊記, 1592) cosmos be like if there were firearms? In this photo essay, I will briefly explore guns and cannons in Chinese folk religion, types of historical (mainly handheld) firearms used in ancient China, and, finally, ways that such weapons could be inserted into the narrative.

Table of Contents

1. Folk Religion

I first set out to see if firearms play any part in Chinese folk religion. I found a few examples from Taiwan. The first is “Lord Red Flag” (Hongqi gong, 紅旗公; a.k.a. “Marshal of Sacred Righteousness,” Shengyi yuanshuai, 聖義元帥), a relatively recent martial god. He and his marshals are depicted holding rifles.

(Click on the images to enlarge them.)

Here’s a version without the cloak.

Even his tangki (spirit-medium) gets a chance to fire off some rounds.

Three more involve Prince Nezha. The first of two (from the same temple) is a traditional statue adorned with an M4 assault rifle and other modern weaponry.

Here’s a closeup of the rifle. Also, take note of the holstered revolver (i.e. the black pouch) on his waist.

The profile view shows clips on his belt (again, in black pouches), as well as a grenade on top of an ammo case at his feet.

The second is a three-headed and eight-armed Nezha with an anti-tank rocket launcher, a rocket round, and a grenade at his feet.

A third statue (my personal favorite) portrays the prince with an MP 40 submachine gun and modern military gear. The carving on the water is amazing. I first learned of it here.

I learned here and here that cannons are sometimes worshiped in East and Southeast Asia as fertility gods. (See the 09-29-24 update below for more info about cannons.)

I also learned that ritual guns sometimes appear in Chinese folk temples of Vietnam.

If present, the guns number among ritual weapons that are commonly found in martial god temples of Chinese folk religion. (But I’ve never personally seen a gun among said armaments in Taiwanese temples.) This Vietnamese article briefly mentions that the weapons are based on the eighteen arms of Chinese martial arts. And it’s interesting to note that a “hand canon” (chong, 銃) does appear among the eighteen arms listed in the Water Margin (Shuihu zhuan, 水滸傳, c. 1400):

Shi Jin daily sought Drill Instructor Wang’s tutelage in the eighteen (weapons of) martial arts. He taught him from the very beginning. Which eighteen martial arts?

Lance, hammer, bow, crossbow, hand cannon, whip, metal tablet, long sword, chain, truncheon, fu-axe, yue-axe, ge-halberd, ji-halberd, shield, staff and spear, and toothless rake. [1]

史進每日求王教頭點撥十八般武藝,一一從頭指教。 那十八般武藝?

矛錘弓弩銃,鞭簡(鐧)劍鏈撾,斧鉞並戈戟,牌棒與槍杈。

Perhaps this list influenced the ritual weapons in Vietnam.

2. Historical Firearms in Ancient China

Here is an example of a Yuan-era hand canon, minus the shaft.

Here is a “Three-Eyed Hand Canon” (Sanyan chong, 三眼銃), a three-barreled stick gun used during the Ming Dynasty.

You can see that they were attached to bladed polearms, which could be used offensively or defensively between reloading.

There were even five-barreled and shielded firearms called “Rapid-Thunder Hand Cannons” (Xunlei chong, 迅雷銃). So cool!

Here’s a Chinese video demonstrating the one and three-barreled versions:

3. Story Idea

This brings me back to Journey to the West. How could firearms be inserted into a religious allegory? Well, for starters, a 950 CE wall mural in Dunhuang shows one of Mara‘s demons attacking the awakening Buddha with a “fire lance” (huoqiang, 火槍; upper right), a precursor of hand cannons. (The fellow below him holds a grenade.) This is a clear example of a centuries-old association between firearms and spiritual warfare.

Here’s the full mural.

Now imagine that these weapons are wielded by celestial gunner-soldiers under the command of the “Star of Fiery Virtue” (Huode xingjun, 火德星君), the god of fire. In JTTW chapter 51, his literary troops utilize fire lances[!!!], fire swords, and fire bows and arrows, fire crows, fire horses, red (fire) rats, and fire dragons, fire carts, fire gourds, fire pennants, and fire staves in battle (based on Wu & Yu, 2012, vol. 3, p. 9). These are just a short step from firearms.

Given that the novel projects Ming-era concepts backwards to the Tang Dynasty, having gods wield such weapons hundreds of years before they were even invented wouldn’t be out of place in the JTTW universe. A writer could just say that the weapons were created in the realm above and eventually trickled down to mankind. Admittedly, I like the real history better because it shows the ingenuity of our predecessors, but the story requires a little tinkering.

Writers wanting to expand on the idea of firearms in heaven could take Ming gunners, their uniforms, and their strategies as models to work from. This page features a lovely figurine of such soldiers, including lots of juicy historical info. And the fact that the historical troops were part of the “Divine Machine Battalion” (Shenji ying, 神機營), which specialized in firearms, really solidifies their connection to the heavenly realm.

Who would make such weapons? There’s a fun answer for that: Laozi! The novel twice describes him forging mystical weapons belonging to our main characters. For example, Zhu Bajie mentions in chapter 19 that the high god made his rake: “This is divine ice steel greatly refined, / Polished so highly that it glows and shines. / Laozi wielded the large hammer and tong …” (Wu & Yu, 2012, vol. 1, p. 382). And Monkey claims in chapter 75 that the Daoist Patriarch created his staff: “The rod of steel nine cyclic times refined / Was forged in the stove by Laozi himself” (Wu & Yu, 2012, vol. 3, p. 375). So, on top of making alchemical medicines, Laozi could be heaven’s celestial gunsmith.

How could demons get ahold of celestial guns? Well, referring back to chapter 51, a buffalo-spirit uses the “diamond cutter” (jingang zhuo, 金鋼琢), an uber powerful, bracelet-like treasure-weapon also created by Laozi, to twice suck away all of the aforementioned fire weapons (Wu & Yu, 2012, vol. 3, pp. 9 and 23). Devil craftsmen would then have time to analyze the heavenly technology, which would allow them to eventually make their own (inferior?) copies.

Recall that the Great Peng demon is said in chapter 74 to have taken over a human kingdom by eating all of the inhabitants some 500 years ago, and the former population was replaced by spirits (Wu & Yu, 2012, vol. 3, p. 360). Firearms would definitely make a human-to-monster kingdom transition for less powerful demon kings a lot easier.

Another possibility is that a fiend could simply sneak into heaven to steal some. This may seem like an impossible task, but JTTW chapter 63 mentions something similar happening. The dragon-spirit “Princess All Saints” (Wansheng gongzhu, 萬聖宮(公)主) is said to have “[snuck] into heaven and stole[n] from before the Hall of Divine Mists the nine-leaf divine agaric planted by the Lady Queen Mother of the West” (Wu & Yu, 2012, vol. 3, p. 192). So, if someone can secretly infiltrate the realm above and steal divine vegetation, they could certainly steal heavenly armaments.

Perhaps the simplest way that demons could attain celestial firearms is by ambushing heavenly troops and commandeering their equipment.

I could see Red Boy (Honghai’er, 紅孩兒) using his powerful Samadhi flame to forge his own hand cannons, at least with the help of devil craftsmen. His association with fire only makes it natural that his own troops would carry firearms.

The only thing I can’t think of is how heavenly hand cannons would differ from their real world counterparts. Would they just use gunpowder and metal shot, or would it be more magical in nature, like shooting meteors? I’m open to suggestions from readers.


4. Updates

Update: 09-29-2024

The film Enoken no Songoku: Zenpen (エノケンの孫悟空 前編; a.k.a. “Enoken’s Songoku,” 1940) features the Monkey King mowing down demons with his staff-turned-machine gun.

There are at least two toys depicting the Great Sage with a gun. The first I learned about via a Facebook group post. I love how his sniper rifle is modeled on his magic staff. You can see the original packaging here.

And here is a Black Myth: Wukong-inspired figure with a powerful-looking rifle/shot gun combo. I saw it here.

Regarding cannons, I learned that a giant Western cannon was worshiped by court officials during the Ming. The History of the Ming (Mingshi, 明史, 1739) explains:

At this time, a ship arriving from the Great Western Ocean [i.e. the West] brought an enormous cannon, which got the name of the “Red Barbarian” [Hongyi, 紅夷]. It measured over two-zhang [20.86 ft/6.358 m] long, and weighed as much as 3,000 catties [3,902.18 lbs/1,770 kg]. It could demolish any stone city-walls, and its earthquake-like roar could be heard for several dozen li around. During the Tianqi [天啟] reign, the name of “Great General” [Da jiangjun, 大將軍] was given to it, and officials were sent to offer libations [si, 祀] to it (based on Needham, 1986, p. 392).

其後,大西洋船至,復得巨砲,曰紅夷。長二丈馀,重者至三千斤,能洞裂石城,震數十里。天啟中,錫以大將軍號,遣官祀之。

Needham (1986) suggests the cannon’s worship is connected to folk beliefs: “In Taoist folk-religion any device or machine of almost miraculous potency was something which should receive veneration” (p. 392 n. b).


Update: 10-05-24

I forgot to mention the “Gatling Gun Bodhisattva” (Jia-te-lin pusa, 加特林菩薩) from Chinese social media and Japanese manga. The following clip expounds the Heart Sutra of the Honored Gatling Gun Bodhisattva (Namo Jia-te-lin pusa Xinjing, 南無加特林菩薩心經).


Update: 11-23-24

Reader Danna Zhang left a wonderful comment about how Investiture of the Gods (Fengshen yanyi封神演義, c. 1620 CE), a sort of prequel to Journey to the West, also includes gunpowder weaponry:

Late comment, but FSYY also puts Ming dynasty gunpowder weapons into the 11th BCE Shang dynasty setting. Apart from the numerous mentions of “cannons go boom”, In Chapter 56, they broke Deng Jiugong’s ambush-disguised-as-wedding by hiding a cannon in the gift casket and using it to make a surprise attack, and in Chapter 88, Jiang Ziya suggests to King Wu that they need the “Sky-blasting Cannon” (轰天大炮) to breach the walls of Mianchi City.

At this point, I think the bronze age gunpowder weapon isn’t a bug, it'[s] a feature.


Update: 12-03-24

The Japanese Scroll of Battle Between Generations (異代同戱図巻, 17th-century) includes a depiction of Guanyin aiming a flintlock rifle, with the Dragon Girl waiting in attendance behind her.


Update: 04-19-26

The Great Ming Military blog, a friend of this blog, has posted an article titled “The Great General Cannon of the Ming Dynasty.” Again, imagine such weapons were born of heaven and used to fight monsters and spirits.

Note:

1) The narration is based on my translation, while the weapons list is based on that from Lorge (2012). See page 147.

Source:

Lorge, P. A. (2012). Chinese Martial Arts: From Antiquity to the Twenty-First Century. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.

Needham, J. (1986). Science and Civilization in China. Volume 5: Chemistry and Chemical Technology; part 7, Military Technology: The Gunpowder Epic. Assisted by Ho Ping-yü et al. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Wu, C., & Yu, A. C. (2012). The Journey to the West  (Vols. 1-4) (Rev. ed.). Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press.