[The Monkey King becomes sworn brothers with six other animal demon kings.]

One day, the four mighty commanders had been told to prepare a great banquet in their own cave, and the six kings were invited to the feast. They killed cows and slaughtered horses; they sacrificed to Heaven and Earth. The various imps were ordered to dance and sing, and they all drank until they were thoroughly drunk. After sending the six kings off, Wukong also rewarded the leaders great and small with gifts. Reclining in the shade of pine trees near the sheet iron bridge, he fell asleep in a moment. The four mighty commanders led the crowd to form a protective circle around him, not daring to raise their voices (based on Wu & Yu, 2012, vol. 1, p. 139).

一日，在本洞吩咐四健將安排筵宴，請六王赴飲，殺牛宰馬，祭天享地，著眾怪跳舞歡歌，俱吃得酩酊大醉。送六王出去，卻又賞大小頭目。攲在鐵板橋邊松陰之下，霎時間睡著。四健將領眾圍護，不敢高聲。

[Wukong’s soul is taken to the underworld because he is fated to die at 342 year old. However, he inks out his name, as well as those of all other monkeys, from the ledgers of hell and then fights his way out of the world of darkness.]

While our Monkey King was fighting his way out of the city, he was suddenly caught in a clump of grass and stumbled. Waking up with a start, he realized that it was all a dream. As he was stretching himself, he heard the four mighty commanders and the various monkeys crying with a loud voice, “Great King! How much wine did you imbibe? You’ve slept all night long. Aren’t you awake yet?” “Sleeping is nothing to get excited about,” said Wukong, “but I dreamed that two men came to arrest me, and I didn’t perceive their intention until they brought me to the outskirts of the Region of Darkness. Showing my power, I protested right up to the Palace of Darkness and argued with the Ten Kings. I went through our ledger of births and deaths and crossed out all our names. Those fellows have no hold over us now.” The various monkeys all kowtowed to express their gratitude. From that time onward there were many mountain monkeys who did not grow old, for their names were not registered in the Underworld. When the Handsome Monkey King finished his account of what had happened, the four mighty commanders reported the story to the demon kings of various caves, who all came to tender their congratulations (Wu & Yu, 2012, vol. 1, p. 141).

這猴王打出城中，忽然絆著一個草紇繨，跌了個躘踵，猛的醒來，乃是南柯一夢。才覺伸腰，只聞得四健將與眾猴高叫道：「大王，吃了多少酒，睡這一夜，還不醒來？」悟空道：「睡還小可，我夢見兩個人來此勾我，把我帶到幽冥界城門之外，卻才醒悟。是我顯神通，直嚷到森羅殿，與那十王爭吵，將我們的生死簿子看了，但有我等名號，俱是我勾了，都不伏那廝所轄也。」眾猴磕頭禮謝。自此，山猴多有不老者，以陰司無名故也。

美猴王言畢前事，四健將報知各洞妖王，都來賀喜。

[Monkey is invited to heaven to be the keeper of the heavenly horses. This is a plan to keep his unruly adventures in check.]

He then called the four mighty commanders together for this admonition: “Be diligent in teaching and drilling the young ones. Let me go up to Heaven to take a look and to see whether I can have you all brought up there too to live with me.” The four mighty commanders indicated their obedience (Wu & Yu, 2012, vol. 1, p. 144).

即喚四健將，吩咐：「謹慎教演兒孫，待我上天去看看路，卻好帶你們上去同居住也。」四健將領諾。

[Wukong describes leaving heaven after trashing the banquet and eating Laozi’s elixir pills.]

The various monsters were delighted by these words, and they prepared a banquet of fruits and wine to welcome him. A stone bowl was filled with coconut wine and presented to the Great Sage, who took a mouthful and then exclaimed with a grimace, “It tastes awful! Just awful!” “The Great Sage,” said Beng and Ba, the two commanders, “has grown accustomed to tasting divine wine and food in Heaven. Small wonder that coconut wine now seems hardly delectable. But the proverb says, “Tasty or not, it’s water from home!” (Wu & Yu, 2012, vol. 1, p. 167).

眾怪聞言大喜。即安排酒果接風，將椰酒滿斟一石碗奉上。大聖喝了一口，即咨牙徠嘴道：「不好吃，不好吃。」崩、芭二將道：「大聖在天宮吃了仙酒、仙殽，是以椰酒不甚美口。常言道：『美不美，鄉中水。』」大聖道：「你們就是『親不親，故鄉人。』

[Heaven calls up forces to end his hijinks. The first to challenge him are the Nine Luminaries, anthropomorphic deities of the planets, moon, and sun.]

Hastily the little monsters reported inside, “Great Sage, disaster! Disaster! Outside there are nine savage deities who claim that they are sent from the Region Above to subdue the Great Sage.” Our Great Sage was just sharing the Heavenly wine with the four mighty commanders and the monster kings of seventy-two caves. Hearing this announcement, he said in a most nonchalant manner,

“If you have wine today, get drunk today;
Mind not the troubles in front of your door!”

Hardly had he finished speaking when still another flock of imps arrived to report, “Father, those nine savage gods have broken down the door, and are about to fight their way in!”

These reckless, witless gods!” said the Great Sage angrily. “They really have no manners! I was not about to quarrel with them. Why are they abusing me to my face?” He gave the order for the One-Horn Demon King to lead the monster kings of seventy-two caves to battle, adding that old Monkey and the four mighty commanders would follow in the rear. The Demon King swiftly led his troops of ogres to go out to fight, but they were ambushed by the Nine Luminaries and pinned down right at the head of the sheet iron bridge (Wu & Yu, 2012, vol. 1, pp. 170-171).

那小妖慌忙傳入道：「大聖，禍事了！禍事了！外面有九個兇神，口稱上界差來的天神，收降大聖。」

那大聖正與七十二洞妖王並四健將分飲仙酒，一聞此報，公然不理道：「今朝有酒今朝醉，莫管門前是與非。」說不了，一起小妖又跳來道：「那九個兇神惡言潑語，在門前罵戰哩。」大聖笑道：「莫採他。詩酒且圖今日樂，功名休問幾時成。」說猶未了，又一起小妖來報：「爺爺！那九個兇神已把門打破，殺進來也。」大聖怒道：「這潑毛神，老大無禮。本待不與他計較，如何上門來欺我？」即命獨角鬼王：「領帥七十二洞妖王出陣。老孫領四健將隨後。」那鬼王疾帥妖兵出門迎敵，卻被九曜惡星一齊掩殺，抵住在鐵板橋頭，莫能得出。

[…]

[The Monkey King singlehandedly defeats the Nine Luminaries.]

Devaraja Li then ordered the Four Great Devarajas and the Twenty-Eight Constellations to go out together to do battle. Without displaying the slightest panic, the Great Sage also ordered the One-Horn Demon King, the monster kings of seventy-two caves, and the four mighty commanders to range themselves in battle formation in front of the cave (Wu & Yu, 2012, vol. 1, p. 171).

李天王即調四大天王與二十八宿，一路出師來鬥。大聖也公然不懼，調出獨角鬼王、七十二洞妖王與四個健將，就於洞門外列成陣勢。

[…]

Beginning with the battle formation at dawn, they fought until the sun sank down behind the western hills. The One-Horn Demon King and the monster kings of seventy-two caves were all taken captive by the forces of Heaven. Those who escaped were the four mighty commanders and the troop of monkeys, who hid themselves deep inside the Water-Curtain Cave. With his single rod, the Great Sage withstood in midair the Four Great Devarajas, Li the Pagoda Bearer, and Prince Nata, and battled with them for a long time. When he saw that evening was approaching, the Great Sage plucked a handful of hairs, threw them into his mouth, and chewed them to pieces. He spat them out, crying, “Change!” They changed at once into many thousands of Great Sages, each employing a golden-hooped rod! They beat back Prince Nata and defeated the Five Devarajas.

In triumph the Great Sage collected back his hairs and hurried back to his cave. Soon, at the head of the sheet iron bridge, he was met by the four mighty commanders leading the rest of the monkeys. As they kowtowed to receive him they cried three times, sobbing aloud, and then they laughed three times, hee-heeing and ho-hoing. The Great Sage said, “Why do you all laugh and cry when you see me?” “When we fought with the Deva Kings this morning,” said the four mighty commanders, “the monster kings of seventy-two caves and the One-Horn Demon King were all taken captive by the gods. We were the only ones who managed to escape alive, and that is why we cried. Now we see that the Great Sage has returned unharmed and triumphant, and so we laugh as well.”

“Victory and defeat,” said the Great Sage, “are the common experiences of a soldier. The ancient proverb says,

You may kill ten thousand of your enemies,
But you will lose three thousand of your allies!

Moreover, those chieftains who have been captured are tigers and leopards, wolves and insects, badgers and foxes, and the like. Not a single member of our own kind has been hurt. Why then should we be disconsolate? Although our adversaries have been beaten back by my magic of body division, they are still encamped at the foot of our mountain. Let us be most vigilant, therefore, in our defense. Have a good meal, rest well, and conserve your energy. When morning comes, watch me perform a great magic and capture some of these generals from Heaven, so that our comrades may be avenged.” The four mighty commanders drank a few bowls of coconut wine with the host of monkeys and went to sleep peacefully. We shall speak no more of them (Wu & Yu, 2012, vol. 1, pp. 172-173).

這一場自辰時佈陣，混殺到日落西山。那獨角鬼王與七十二洞妖怪，盡被眾天神捉拿去了。止走了四健將與那群猴，深藏在水簾洞底。

這大聖一條棒，抵住了四大天神與李托塔、哪吒太子，俱在半空中，殺勾多時，大聖見天色將晚，即拔毫毛一把，丟在口中，嚼碎了，噴將出去，叫聲：「變！」就變了千百個大聖，都使的是金箍棒，打退了哪吒太子，戰敗了五個天王。

大聖得勝，收了毫毛，急轉身回洞，早又見鐵板橋頭，四個健將領眾叩迎，那大眾，哽哽咽咽大哭三聲，又唏唏哈哈大笑三聲。大聖道：「汝等見了我，又哭又笑，何也？」四健將道：「今早帥眾將與天王交戰，把七十二洞妖王與獨角鬼王盡被眾神捉了，我等逃生，故此該哭。這見大聖得勝回來，未曾傷損，故此該笑。」大聖道：「勝負乃兵家之常。古人云：『殺人一萬，自損三千。』況捉了去的頭目乃是虎豹狼蟲、獾獐狐狢之類，我同類者未傷一個，何須煩惱？他雖被我使個分身法殺退，他還要安營在我山腳下。我等且緊緊防守，飽食一頓，安心睡覺，養養精神。天明看我使個大神通，拿這些天將，與眾報仇。」四將與眾猴將椰酒吃了幾碗，安心睡覺不題。

Chapter 6

[Erlang is called in to capture Wukong.]

The Immortal Master fought the Great Sage for more than three hundred rounds, but the result still could not be determined. The Immortal Master, therefore, summoned all his magical powers; with a shake, he made his body a hundred thousand feet tall. Holding with both hands the divine lance of three points and two blades like the peaks that cap the Hua Mountain, this green-faced, saber-toothed figure with scarlet hair aimed a violent blow at the head of the Great Sage. But the Great Sage also exerted his magical power and changed himself into a figure having the features and height of Erlang. He wielded a compliant golden-hooped rod that resembled the Heaven-supporting pillar on top of Mount Kunlun to oppose the god Erlang. This vision so terrified the marshals, Ma and Liu, that they could no longer wave the flags, and so appalled the generals, Beng and Ba, that they could use neither scimitar nor sword. On the side of Erlang, the Brothers Kang, Zhang, Yao, Li, Guo Shen, and Zhi Jian gave the order to the plant-headed deities to let loose the falcons and dogs and to advance upon those monkeys in front of the Water-Curtain Cave with mounted arrows and drawn bows. The charge, alas,

Dispersed the four mighty commanders of monkey imps
And captured two or three thousand numinous fiends!

Those monkeys dropped their spears and abandoned their armor, forsook their swords, and threw away their lances. They scattered in all directions running, screaming, scuttling up the mountain, or scrambling back to the cave. It was as if a cat at night had stolen upon resting birds: they darted up as stars to fill the sky. The Brothers thus gained a complete victory, of which we shall speak no further (Wu & Yu, 2012, vol. 1, pp. 181-182).

真君與大聖鬥經三百餘合，不知勝負。那真君抖擻神威，搖身一變，變得身高萬丈，兩隻手舉著三尖兩刃神鋒，好便似華山頂上之峰，青臉獠牙，朱紅頭髮，惡狠狠，望大聖著頭就砍。這大聖也使神通，變得與二郎身軀一樣，嘴臉一般，舉一條如意金箍棒，卻就是崑崙頂上擎天之柱，抵住二郎神。諕得那馬、流元帥戰兢兢，搖不得旌旗；崩、芭二將虛怯怯，使不得刀劍。這陣上，康、張、姚、李、郭申、直健傳號令，撒放草頭神，向他那水簾洞外縱著鷹犬，搭弩張弓，一齊掩殺。可憐沖散妖猴四健將，捉拿靈怪二三千。那些猴拋戈棄甲，撇劍丟槍，跑的跑，喊的喊，上山的上山，歸洞的歸洞。好似夜貓驚宿鳥，飛灑滿天星。眾兄弟得勝不題。

Chapter 28

[Monkey returns to the Mountain of Flowers and Fruit after being kicked out of the pilgrimage. He discovers that the remainder of his children are plagued by human hunters that eat or force them to perform tricks.]

When the Great Sage heard these words, he became terribly angry. “Who is in charge in the cave now?” he asked. “We still have Ma and Liu, the two marshals,” said the little fiends, “[B]eng and Ba, the two generals, they are in charge.” “Report to them at once,” said the Great Sage, “and say that I’ve returned.” Those little fiends dashed inside the cave and cried, “Father Great Sage has come home!” When Ma, Liu, [B]eng, and Ba heard the report, they rushed out of the door to kowtow and to receive him inside the cave. The Great Sage took a seat in the middle as the various fiends all lined up before him to pay homage. “Father Great Sage,” they said, “we heard recently that you had regained your life so that you could protect the Tang Monk on his journey to the Western Heaven to acquire scriptures. Why are you not heading toward the West? Why do you come back to this mountain?”

“Little ones,” said the Great Sage, “you have no idea that the Tang Monk is wholly ignorant of who is worthy and who is foolish. For his sake, I caught fiends and overcame demons throughout the journey, using all my abilities. Several times I slew a monster, but, accusing me of doing evil and violence, he disowned me as his disciple and banished me back here. He even wrote me a formal letter of banishment as proof that he would never want to use me again.” Clapping their hands and roaring with laughter, the monkeys said, “Lucky! Lucky! What do you want to be a monk for? Come home and you can lead us to have a few years’ fun. Quick! Let’s bring out the coconut wine for the reception of Father.” “Let’s not drink wine just yet,” said the Great Sage. “Let me ask you, how often do those hunters come to our mountain?” “Great Sage,” said Ma and Liu, “there’s no telling of time. They are here every day to make trouble.” The Great Sage asked, “Why aren’t they here today?” Ma and Liu replied, “Just wait and you’ll see them come” (Wu & Yu, 2012, vol. 2, pp. 31-32).

大聖聞此言，更十分惱怒道：「洞中有甚麼人執事？」群妖道：「還有馬、流二元帥，崩、芭二將軍管著哩。」大聖道：「你們去報他知道，說我來了。」那些小妖，撞入門內報道：「大聖爺爺來家了。」那馬、流、奔、芭聞報，忙出門叩頭，迎接進洞。大聖坐在中間，群怪羅拜於前，啟道：「大聖爺爺，近聞得你得了性命，保唐僧往西天取經，如何不走西方，卻回本山？」大聖道：「小的們，你不知道，那唐三藏不識賢愚：我為他一路上捉怪擒魔，使盡了平生的手段，幾番家打殺妖精；他說我行兇作惡，不要我做徒弟，把我逐趕回來，寫立貶書為照，永不聽用了。」

眾猴鼓掌大笑道：「造化，造化。做甚麼和尚，且家來，帶攜我們耍子幾年罷。」叫：「快安排椰子酒來，與爺爺接風。」大聖道：「且莫飲酒，我問你那打獵的人，幾時來我山上一度？」馬、流道：「大聖，不論甚麼時度，他逐日家在這裡纏擾。」大聖道：「他怎麼今日不來？」馬、流道：「看待來耶。」

2. Name Meanings

This Chinese article suggests a naturalistic explanation for these odd-sounding names:

Beng-Ba [崩芭] should be a homophone of “bengba” [蹦巴], that is, bengda [蹦躂], which means that the monkey jumps up and down all day without a moment’s peace. Therefore, it became an alternative name for monkeys. Ma-Liu [馬流] is a homophone for “maliu” [麻溜], which means the monkey moves with speed and agility.

… 崩芭應為「蹦巴」諧音，即蹦躂，意指猴子整日蹦蹦跳跳，伏低竄高，沒個安靜時候，所以成了猴子別稱。馬流即「麻溜」諧音，意即猴子動作麻溜，敏捷迅速。

3. Immortality

I mentioned in the introduction that the Four Mighty Commanders are technically immortal. This is the result of Wukong inking out the names of all monkeys from the ledgers of hell in chapter three (fig. 2). Wukong explains:

I went through our ledger of births and deaths [shengsi buzi, 生死簿子] and crossed out all our names. Those fellows have no hold over us now.” The various monkeys all kowtowed to express their gratitude. From that time onward there were many mountain monkeys [shanhou, 山猴] who did not grow old, for their names were not registered in the Underworld (Wu & Yu, 2012, vol. 1, p. 141).

將我們的生死簿子看了，但有我等名號，俱是我勾了，都不伏那廝所轄也。」眾猴磕頭禮謝。自此，山猴多有不老者，以陰司無名故也。

Their divine longevity is exhibited when they reappear in chapter 28, sometime after Wukong is released from his 600-plus year imprisonment under Five Elements Mountain. And this same chapter also reveals that they are still capable of dying if fatally wounded. The rank and file monkeys lament their fate at the hands of human hunters:

Those of us who were shot by arrows, pierced by spears, or clubbed to death they took away for food to be served with rice. The dead monkeys would be skinned and boned, cooked with sauce and steamed with vinegar, fried with oil, and sauteed with salt (Wu & Yu, 2012, vol. 2, p. 31).

… 他把我們中箭著槍的，中毒打死的，拿了去剝皮剔骨，醬煮醋蒸，油煎鹽炒，當做下飯食用。

Fig. 2 – Monkey striking the names from the ledger (larger version). From the Japanese children’s book Son Goku (1939).

4. Updates

Update: 04-30-26

I forgot to mention that Commanders Beng, Ba, Ma, and Liu appear in folk religion statuary. “Nick” Thng Fu Jie, the serving Monkey King tangki (spirit-medium) at Singapore’s Palace of Treasured Virtue (Baode gong, 寶德宮) commissioned the Sect Arts of Singapore and Malaysia (Xima zongyi, 新马宗艺) idol shop to carve 72 statues in honor of the Great Sage’s 2025 religious festival (16th day of the 2nd lunar month). The commanders appear in idols 12 to 15 (fig. 3-6).

Fig. 3 – “12th: Accepting the first disciple” (larger version). Image found here.

Fig. 4 – “13th: Accepting the second disciple” (larger version). Image found here.

Fig. 5 – “14th: Accepting the third disciple” (larger version). Image found here.

Fig. 6 – “15th: Accepting the fourth disciple” (larger version). Image found here.

They also appear in this video by “Angela” Hakka Moi, a friend of the blog. She briefly interviews tangki Nick. 

Note:

1) This term refers to the belief that the long, agile arms of the gibbon were somehow connected (i.e. tongbi, 通臂), passing through the back (i.e. tongbei, 通背) (Gulik, 1967, p. 92-93). 

Sources:

Gulik, R. H. (1967). The Gibbon in China: An Essay in Chinese Animal Lore. Leiden: E.J. Brill.

Wu, C., & Yu, A. C. (2012). The Journey to the West (Vols. 1-4) (Rev. ed.). Chicago, Illinois: University of Chicago Press.